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The Fascinating History of Watermills: Cornwall’s Historic Powerhouses

Introduction

Cornwall, with its abundant rivers and streams, has a long history of watermills. These structures harnessed the power of flowing water to grind grain, saw timber, and power other machinery. Today, many of these historic mills remain as reminders of Cornwall’s industrial past.

Types of Watermills

There are several types of watermills, each with its own unique design and function:

- Corn Mills: The most common type of watermill, used to grind grain into flour.
- Sawmills: Used to cut timber into planks and boards.
- Fulling Mills: Used to process cloth by beating it in water to soften and thicken it.
- Grist Mills: A general term for mills that grind grain, including corn mills and flour mills.

The Importance of Watermills

Watermills played a key role in Cornwall’s economy for centuries. They provided a reliable source of power for various industries, allowing local communities to produce essential goods. Watermills also contributed to the development of rural settlements and infrastructure.

Restored Watermill at Wheal Martyn, St Austell

Historic Watermills in Cornwall

Cornwall is home to many well-preserved watermills, some of which are now open to the public. These historic sites offer visitors a glimpse into the region’s industrial past and provide opportunities for education and recreation.

Some notable examples of historic watermills in Cornwall include:

Cotehele Mill

A Victorian watermill situated beside the Morden stream. Cotehele Mill dates back to the 19th century and is still operational, grinding flour from local grain. The mill features traditional craft workshops and offers baking demonstrations where visitors can sample fresh bread and baked goods. It is part of the National Trust and is surrounded by scenic woodland.

Cotehele Water Mill, Saltash

Melinsey Mill

A restored 16th-century watermill. It operates as a visitor attraction, providing refreshments. The mill is set in a picturesque valley and is open to the public from April to October.

Wheal Marytn

Wheal Martyn features two notable waterwheels that showcase the site’s industrial heritage. The first is believed to be Cornwall’s largest working waterwheel and was built in Charlestown. The second was for a slurry pump. These waterwheels are significant features of the museum, demonstrating the innovative engineering used in china clay mining. They provide visitors with a tangible connection to the site’s industrial past and the technological advancements that shaped Cornwall’s china clay industry.

Melinsey Mill, Truro

Wheal Martyn Waterwheel, St Austell

Watermills Today

While many watermills have fallen into disrepair, some have been restored and repurposed. A handful are now used as tourist attractions, while others have been converted into residential properties or businesses.

Watermill at Geevor Tin Mine in Pendeen

Our Projects Involving Waterwheels

At Rowett Architecture, we have had the privilege of working on several projects featuring waterwheels, blending heritage conservation with purpose. Cornwall’s rich industrial history provides a unique backdrop for these items, and our work has allowed us to contribute to the preservation and adaptive reuse of these remarkable structures and their associated buildings.

Lametton Mill Refurbishment

As part of our broader portfolio in heritage and conservation, we worked on Lametton Mill, a Grade II listed property. While not operational as a watermill anymore, our work preserved the architectural elements that reflect its milling heritage. This involved careful refurbishment to maintain its historical character while adapting it for modern residential use.

Current Watermill Projects

As part of our ongoing portfolio, we are currently engaged in several projects related to watermills, including the two highlighted below:

Conclusion

Watermills are an important part of Cornwall’s heritage and a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of its people. By preserving and restoring these historic structures, we can connect with our past and learn about the vital role they played in shaping the region’s economy and culture.

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