Overcome Climates: Designing for Cornwall in 2025
Table of Contents
Introduction to Designing for Cornwall
Cornwall, with its stunning coastline, rich mining history, and unique microclimates, presents a fascinating and challenging landscape for us as designers. The country’s specific characteristics demand careful consideration in the design and detailing of all buildings to ensure their durability, sustainability and suitability to Cornwall’s distinctive environment.
This blog looks at some of the key elements that impact construction in Cornwall: mining, coastal erosion, coastal flooding, salty sea air, and how some areas have their own microclimates caused by Cornwall’s unique geography and challenging topography.
Mining Legacy
Cornwall’s rich mining history has left a lasting impact on its landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges for us as designers. The remnants of this industrial past are found as abandoned mines, mine shafts, and associated infrastructure such as engine houses. This legacy means that many areas are affected by historical mining activities that may not be seen above ground.
When designing for Cornwall, we must be acutely aware of:
- Subsidence: The collapse or sinking of the ground due to the removal of minerals from the ground which can cause structural damage to buildings.
- Contamination: Abandoned mines may contain hazardous materials such as heavy metals or toxic chemicals that can contaminate the surrounding environment.
- Water Infiltration: Old mine shafts can act as conduits for water, leading to flooding or dampness in buildings.
- Structural Instability: The presence of underground mine workings can weaken the ground and increase the risk of landslides or other geological hazards.
For instance, in areas like Tuckingmill, seemingly green fields may conceal a complex network of historical mine works from the previous South Crofty Mining days.
South Crofty Mine, Tuckingmill
Mitigation Measures
To address these challenges, it’s essential to conduct thorough geotechnical surveys and investigations before proceeding with projects. This may involve:
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- Mining Reports
- Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR): To identify underground cavities or voids.
- Borehole Investigations: To assess the stability of the ground and the presence of any contaminants.
- Historical Records: Reviewing historical mining records to understand the extent of past mining activity.
Once potential risks have been identified, appropriate mitigation measures can be implemented. These may include:
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- Ground Stabilisation: Techniques such as grouting or underpinning can strengthen the ground and reduce the risk of subsidence.
- Contamination Remediation: Removing or containing contaminated materials to protect public health and the environment.
- Water Management: Installing drainage systems or pumping stations to prevent water infiltration into buildings.
- Structural Reinforcement: Strengthening building foundations or structures to withstand potential geological hazards.
To provide a comprehensive assessment of mining-related risks, we often recommend that our clients engage one of our local mining consultants to conduct detailed mining and contamination reports.
These reports will identify potential hazards and inform appropriate mitigation measures, ensuring the safety and sustainability of development projects in Cornwall.
Wheal Martyn, St Austell
Wheal Coates Engine House, St Agnes
Coastal Erosion
Cornwall’s stunning coastline is constantly being shaped by the forces of nature. Erosion is a significant concern in many areas, posing a threat to buildings, infrastructure, and the natural environment. We must be mindful of the potential impacts of coastal erosion and take appropriate measures to mitigate its effects.
When designing for Cornwall, we must be acutely aware of:
- Cliff Collapse: The gradual erosion of cliffs can lead to the loss of land and property.
- Beach Loss: The erosion of beaches can expose coastal infrastructure to the elements and increase the risk of flooding.
- Saltwater Intrusion: Coastal erosion can allow saltwater to infiltrate freshwater supplies, impacting drinking water quality and agriculture.
In coastal communities like Crantock, we’re witnessing dramatic changes, with the sand dunes receding by up to 30ft in a single year. This rapid erosion necessitates adaptive design strategies that can withstand and respond to these dynamic coastal processes.
Erosion of the Sand Dunes at Crantock, Newquay
Mitigation Measures
To address the challenges of coastal erosion, we can consider the following strategies:
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- Setbacks: Maintaining setbacks from the coastline can help protect buildings and infrastructure from erosion.
- Protective Structures: Seawalls, groynes, and breakwaters can be used to deflect wave energy and reduce erosion rates.
- Beach Nourishment: Replenishing beaches with sand or gravel can help protect the shoreline from erosion.
- Sustainable Coastal Management: Adopting sustainable coastal management practices, such as wetland restoration or dune stabilisation, can help mitigate the impacts of erosion.
- Building Design: Designing buildings to be resilient to coastal erosion, using materials that are resistant to saltwater and incorporating features to reduce wave energy.
To provide a comprehensive assessment of the coastal situation, we often recommend that our clients engage one of our local, specialist consultants to conduct a report to obtain valuable insights into the specific risks facing your property or development and make informed decisions about how to protect it from the effects of coastal erosion.
Coastal Flooding
Coastal flooding is a significant concern in many parts of the world, including Cornwall. Rising sea levels and more frequent extreme weather events are increasing the risk of flooding, impacting both residential and commercial properties alike. Therefore, we must carefully consider the potential impacts of coastal flooding when designing buildings in coastal areas.
When designing for Cornwall, we must be acutely aware of:
- Storm Surge Flooding: High water levels caused by strong winds and low atmospheric pressure during storms.
- Tidal Flooding: Flooding caused by high tides combined with heavy rainfall or storm surge.
- Sea Level Rise: The gradual increase in sea levels over time, leading to increased flooding risk.
A storm battering the harbour at Mullion Cove
Coastal Flooding in Fowey
Mitigation Measures
To address the challenges of coastal flooding, architects and planners can consider the following strategies:
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- Elevation: Raising buildings above flood levels can significantly reduce the risk of flooding.
- Flood-Resistant Materials: Use materials that are resistant to water damage, such as waterproof coatings or flood-resistant construction techniques.
- Flood Mitigation Measures: Implementing measures such as floodwalls, floodgates, or retention ponds to control floodwater.
- Sustainable Drainage Systems: Incorporating sustainable drainage systems (SUDS) to manage stormwater runoff and reduce flooding risk.
- Land Use Planning: Restricting development in flood-prone areas and promoting sustainable land use practices.
To provide a comprehensive assessment of the flooding situation either by rain, surface or tidal, we often recommend that our clients engage one of our local, specialist consultants to conduct a Flood Risk report, to obtain insights into the specific risk facing your property or development and provide appropriate mitigation measures.
Sea Air
The salty sea air in Cornwall can have a significant impact on the durability and longevity of buildings. The corrosive nature of salt can accelerate the deterioration of building materials, leading to structural damage, reduced aesthetic appeal, and increased maintenance costs.
When designing for Cornwall, we must be acutely aware of:
- Rusting of metal components: Iron and steel are particularly susceptible to rusting in coastal environments.
- Deterioration of stonework: Saltwater can cause the stone to weather more rapidly, leading to erosion and discolouration.
- Corrosion of timber: Wood exposed to saltwater can rot or become susceptible to insect infestation.
Mitigation Measures
To protect buildings from the corrosive effects of sea air, architects and building owners should consider the following measures:
- Use corrosion-resistant materials: Select materials that are naturally resistant to corrosion, such as stainless steel, galvanized steel, or copper.
- Apply protective coatings: Apply protective coatings, such as paint or varnish, to metal and timber components to create a barrier against saltwater.
- Regular maintenance: Conduct regular inspections to identify signs of corrosion and address any issues promptly.
- Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation to reduce moisture levels and prevent condensation, which can accelerate corrosion.
- Distance from the Coast: If possible, locate buildings at a distance from the coast to minimize exposure to saltwater.
By taking these steps, we can help protect your buildings from the corrosive effects of sea air and ensure their long-term durability.
For example, when designing windows for coastal properties, we might opt for fiberglass components or stainless steel instead of standard metal fittings.
To read more on how salt can affect buildings, read our blog on the treatment and prevention of salt damage.
An example of how salt and sea air can advance deterioration to exposed metal components.
An example of how salt and sea air can corrode concrete.
Unique Microclimates
Cornwall’s diverse landscape and microclimates can significantly influence the design and performance of buildings. Coastal areas often experience milder temperatures and higher humidity levels compared to inland regions, which may be subject to harsher weather conditions. We must carefully consider these factors to ensure optimal comfort, energy efficiency, and durability.
When designing for Cornwall, we must be acutely aware of:
- Coastal Areas: Milder temperatures, higher humidity, and prevailing winds from the sea.
- Inland Areas: Colder temperatures, lower humidity, and more extreme weather conditions, such as snow and frost.
- Elevated Areas: Cooler temperatures and higher wind speeds due to altitude.
- Valleys: Warmer temperatures and reduced wind speeds due to the sheltered nature of valleys.
Mitigation Measures
To address the challenges posed by Cornwall’s unique microclimates, architects can consider the following:
- Passive Design: Incorporate passive design strategies to maximise natural heating, cooling, and ventilation. This may involve using solar shading, natural ventilation, and insulation.
- Climate-Appropriate Materials: Select building materials that are suitable for the local climate. For example, thicker insulation may be required in colder inland areas, while moisture-resistant materials may be necessary in coastal areas.
- Heating and Cooling Systems: Design heating and cooling systems that are tailored to the specific microclimate of the site. This may involve using energy-efficient technologies or incorporating renewable energy sources.
- Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation to maintain indoor air quality and regulate humidity levels. This may involve using mechanical ventilation systems or designing buildings with natural ventilation features.
By carefully considering the unique microclimates of Cornwall and implementing appropriate design strategies, we can create buildings that are comfortable, energy-efficient, and well-suited to the local environment.
Conclusion
Designing for Cornwall requires a deep understanding of the region’s unique characteristics.
By carefully considering factors such as mining legacy, coastal erosion, sea air, and microclimates, we can create buildings that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also sustainable, resilient, and well-suited to the Cornish environment.
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